Slavery Then And Now Essays - Slavery, Contemporary Slavery

Subjugation: Then and Now Subjugation: Then and Presently At the point when we consider subjugation numerous things ring a bell. There are a wide range of ways one can depict servitude. If you somehow managed to find it in a word reference it would state that a slave is one who is claimed and constrained into administration by another, this was the definition given in the Webster's Dictionary. In any case, on the other hand in the event that you were to find it in the Oxford Dictionary the definition given here is of one who is an over the top fan. all in all bondage can have extraordinary implications to various individuals. The importance of subjugation has an alternate which means today than it did years prior. As Alex Haley composed, subjugation was troublesome to clarify years back in light of the fact that it was going on at that point. Today when somebody says the word bondage the greater part of the individuals would consider ranches also, individuals being compelled to work the land and being abused. Be that as it may, what do you say to a little kid who comes up to you and asks you need subjection is? In the present society we can take the word subjection and put it to the cutting edge days. Would one say that subjection possibly existed years prior when manor proprietors would purchase individuals to constrain them to do hard work and abuse them, or then again would one notice about the servitude that goes on in the present society? Shouldn't something be said about the individuals who are compelled to do hard work like numerous years prior? Numerous individuals don't understand it however for sure we do have cutting edge subjugation. What is the present cutting edge subjugation? There are a few things that can be placed into the present servitude. This is one issue that is frequently over glanced in the present society. It might not have as much effect as it did years prior, yet all things being equal, this issue is still as unforgiving and unrefined as it was years prior. I would feel that up to some degree the issue has developed now since it is in actuality regularly disregarded. For instance in Sudan, because of an Islamic versus Christian common war, ladies and youngsters that are for the most part dark furthermore, Christian are caught in attacks. They are later sold as property slaves in current slave markets. Presently the inquiry that I have is, Does a human life have a value? Well as indicated by these individuals it does, and the value that they chose to put on a human life has been as low as fifteen dollars. Slaves who endeavor to flee are mutilated or marked like creatures. Have we didn't take in anything from our history? It is said that history rehashes itself and therefore we should gained from it. Clearly a few people have not what's more, are rehashing the equivalent unforgiving slip-ups that we have gracefully worked so difficult to fix. Another case of cutting edge subjection happens in Brazil. In Brazil, destitution stricken youngsters are guaranteed acceptable work by reaping crops. Intrigued by the chance to better their lives they consent to for the work. Rather than going to work they are shipped hundreds of miles to disengaged wildernesses and constrained at gunpoint to clear rainforest. I don't think about you, however collecting and clearing up the rainforest are entirely unexpected things. In Haiti men are likewise shipped however these men are shipped over the island of Hispaniola to the Dominican Republic what's more, compelled to cut sugar stick. The men in Haiti don't have it as awful however; sure they get paid for working twelve hours every day, seven days per week. How much? Well their wages, on the off chance that they could be called that, is underneath the expense of food. A few people would state that they are getting paid for their work so they are not so much thought about slaves, yet as per the Webster's Word reference they are on the grounds that these men remain hostages for a long time, a few in any event, forever. Advanced subjugation doesn't separate. In Pakistan and India a huge number of little youngsters, some as youthful as seven, work in subjugation to make delightful oriental floor coverings. Where do the guardians come in? Well the guardians are fooled into permitting their kids to be taken from their home, they are guaranteed that their kids will be all around taken minded of and that they will get familiar with an exchange. What parent would not need this for his youngster, particularly when they can't offer anything better to them. Presently as indicated by the Oxford Dictionary, there is as yet another type of subjugation. Here and there we can in any case call it advanced subjugation.

Albert Chinualumogu Achebe †Things Fall Apart

Albert Chinualumogu Achebe †Things Fall Apart Free Online Research Papers Albert Chinualumogu Achebe was conceived on November 16, 1930 out of an enormous town in Nigeria called Ogidi. His dad was a Protestant teacher and he got English instruction in his youth. In spite of his experience, he had a multicultural childhood. This is because of the way that the occupants of Ogidi still followed numerous old and conventional Igbo culture. Achebe went to the Government College from 1944 to 1947 and moved on from University College, Ibadan in 1953. While he was in school, he examined history and religious philosophy. Subsequent to building up a significant enthusiasm for Nigerian societies, he dropped his Christian name of Albert and got his local name of Chinua. Achebe was an organizer of the Nigerian abstract development in the 1950’s. He needed to help other people discover that societies in Africa were more than what meets the eye. He needed to show that local Africans were not as crude, language-less, and socially in reverse as Englishmen like Joseph Conrad showed in scholarly pieces. In his reaction to Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, Achebe distributed Things Self-destruct in 1959. Things Fall Apart delineates a man named Okonwo and his family. Okonwo is a rich warrior who endeavors to maintain his masculinity and not show any measure of shortcoming. He feels disfavored by his dad who kicked the bucket poor and of a disgraceful passing. His primary objective in life is to pick up the influence and riches that his dad never had. He discovers his twelve-year-old child apathetic and stresses that he will one day become his dad. En route, Okonwo increases a little youngster whom he respects as a child. His natural child looks to him as a more established sibling. The kid in the long run should be executed and begins the start of the death of Okonwo. At the service respecting a town warrior who has passed, Okonwo’s firearm accidently detonates and the elder’s child is slaughtered. This causes Okonwo and his family to go into banish for a long time. At the point when they return, Christians have sunk into their town and changed over a considerable lot of the townspeople. In an edgy endeavor to recover the quality Okonwo once had, he murders one of the Christian ministers. He quickly understands that the remainder of his province wouldn't like to do battle and doesn't follow his means to murder different Christians. Accepting his future destiny will be a lot of more regrettable and feeling like just a disfavor, Okonwo submits the best sin. He is found by the town magistrates in the wake of hanging himself. All through the story, Okonwo takes a stab at simply manliness. His need for this quality is in aftereffect of his affections for his dad. He needs to be on his father’s heritage and known as a more noteworthy man. His dad was against war, he was very poor, and had an affection for language. To Okonwo, he was a finished disappointment. Okonwo retaliated for his dad by turning into a rich warrior. He picked up regard in his town by vanquishing Amalinze the Cat in a wrestling match. At the point when an individual from the town is killed in a close by town, Okonwo is sent to recover a virgin and a youngster from the improper town. The youngster, Ikemefuna is sent to live with Okonwo, his three spouses, and eight kids. The kid before long turns out to be a piece of the family and demonstrates a lot of potential to be a solid warrior. Okonwo is partial to him yet doesn't show this. Shortcoming is his biggest dread. For him, to be powerless is to be womanly. When Okonwo discovers that Ikemefuna is to be killed in apology for the lady who passed on in his own town, he is very vexed. In spite of the fact that he doesn't show it, he considers Ikemefuna a child and is extremely distressed by his forthcoming destiny. He is advised not to participate in the homicide due to the bond that they share. At the point when it comes time, Okonwo ignores the requests so as to show his manliness. At the point when his child gets some answers concerning Ikemefuna’s destiny, he is disturbed. This separates Okonwo inside and he goes into a downturn. He feels feeble and wants to eat. His girl Ezinma brings him meals and demands that he eat the entirety of his food. Okonwo wishes that Ezinma was a kid. He thinks she has the â€Å"spirit.† His need for his preferred kid to be male shows that he wants to have close bonds with his real children. He doesn't concede this since fondness is something else that Okonwo sees as shortcoming. He doesn't need Ezinma to be a kid in view of her manly qualities, however he esteems their obligation of compassion and comprehension. Okonwo discovers one morning that Ezinma is kicking the bucket and he and one of his spouses must send her with a priestess to Agbala, the Oracle of the Hills and Caves for recuperating. They are advised not to follow. His significant other quickly dismisses these requests and furtively follows immediately. Okonwo holds up a short time before following. At the point when he arrives at the cavern and find that they have not yet shown up, he gets back. Subsequent to checking the cavern a few times, he at last discovers his better half. He holds back to follow so as to maintain his quality as a man. Being stressed immediately would show a female shortcoming that he declines to forces. During the trial in any case, Okonwo finds that his significant other forces a measure of solidarity and dauntlessness for opposing the divine beings to ensure her youngster. At the memorial service of a kindred warrior, Okonwo’s firearm explodes and he accidently executes the warrior’s child. Along these lines, he and his family are constrained into oust for a long time. One of Okonwo’s spouses addresses him with respect to why they get such a brutal discipline for an undeniable mishap. This powers Okonwo to at last grieve the demise of his wife’s twins and considers what wrongdoing they could have submitted. This shows Okonwo is beginning to become more friendly, in a manner of speaking. It is evident that he isn't the beast coldhearted man that he claims to be. While estranged abroad, Christian evangelists possess his country, and his mother’s local town where they are remaining. He before long discovers that his child has gone along with them and Okonwo is insulted. By not sticking to this same pattern with the village’s ways, he is dismissing his manliness and being frail. It appears that his fundamental explanation behind dismissing Christianity is that he would need to grapple with murdering Ikemefuna. He would lose his strict equity in doing as such. At the point when he comes back to his town, Okonwo finds that his once war-like individuals have changed. A significant number of them have changed over to Christianity and the individuals who have not, are calmly living close by every other person. At the point when his child withdraws the family to live with the Christian teachers, Okonwo shows no regret. He is as yet endeavoring to get back on force and significance. In doing as such, he keeps on lecturing the incredibly savage characteristics of genuine manliness. He despite everything shows that he won't recognize forcefulness and thoughtfulness as something besides sex related characteristics, despite the fact that he has encountered circumstances inverse of his convictions inside himself and his significant other. At the point when a few issues emerge with individuals from the congregation, the townspeople formally torch the congregation. The individuals who participated in the consuming, Okonwo included, were captured by chapel authorities and beaten in jail. When they are discharged the family has a huge gathering. While it appears that different individuals from the tribe wish to present appropriate reparations with the Christians, Okonwo still need to do battle. At the point when an errand person of the Christians comes in to advise the townspeople to disband the gathering, Okonwo kills him with his blade. Acknowledging without a moment's delay that none of his clansmen are going to help his choice, he leaves. Afterward, church authorities come to search for Okonwo and find that he has hung himself. Self destruction is probably the best sin to the locals and it shows a tremendous measure of shortcoming, the one thing that Okonwo dreaded from the beginning. By murdering himself, he endeavored to prevent others from survey him as fainthearted. He needed to pass on his own terms. Toward the finish of the story Okonwo is similarly as fruitless as his dad seemed to be. He passed on poor, feeble, and disgraceful. By slaughtering the delivery person, he makes his last endeavor to state his masculinity. At the point when he understands that his endeavors are clearly vain, he surrenders totally. Everything that Okonwo did depended on manliness and quality. He never needed to seem feeble, yet when he understood that his life would before long end and he was unpleasantly similar to his dad, he was unable to stand to go on. From the start, Okonwo gave indications of his perspective on shortcomings yet he smothered them. At long last they defeated him lastly broke him. 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Structuring a Sales Team of Any Size

Structuring a Sales Team of Any Size © Shutterstock | Rawpixel.comIn this article we discuss the best structural approach for a sales team regardless of its size, big or small. The article also takes you through the importance of proper structuring of a sales team, the various structuring options, and how sales teams determine the performance of any business in an increasingly competitive world.INTRODUCTION INTO SALES AND SALES TEAM STRUCTURINGWhen it comes to time for structuring or restructuring your sales team, leaders ought to be very aware of what specialists they should recruit and, more importantly, under what criteria these intended team members should be brought on board.Note, structure does not simply imply the outside framework or hierarchy; structure is how the whole sales team fits together and works together to avail the best possible results for the business.With an excellent approach in structuring your sales team, the results will be excellent delivery in sales, enabling you to get even further ahead i n the business world. The question of how to structure a sales team demands that a person take a close look at their current sales team if one was already in place.At its most basic, structuring an effective sales team entails taking the team through three stages regardless of its size:Attract: This is pulling in essential members of your sales team. These are, content creators, creative team, social media managers, among other members of a sales team. Despite the fact that skill set is not what definitively makes a person best suited for a sales team position, it is the best place to start looking. Therefore, ensure that each individual recruited in different functions of the sales team is highly skilled in order to be able to bring the best value the business as well as the consumers.Convert: Every individual in this prototype of a sales team is taken through conversion and optimization in the art of lead scoring, nurturing, and customer retention regardless of their designated ro le in the structure. Attracting the rightfully skilled personnel is only the first step. It is important to ensure that each team member is highly conversant with the purpose and goals of the sales department in order to be able to bring the utmost value to the team, the business, and the consumers. This stage will normally involve some level of training of the recruited personnel in the art and strategies of sales.Close: Creating a team that not only does the talk but does the talk; gearing the team members to close on all or most of the opportunities that come your business’s way. Bluntly, this is the purpose of a sales team; to be able to make sales and not just attempt. It is important to ensure that every team member has the capacity and is properly equipped to effect or enable sales in their different functions within the team. A team that is not equipped to close the deal, no matter how well structured, or how vast it may be, will be a liability to the business as opposed t o the asset it should be.More of this will be expounded in subsequent sections of the article. In any business organization, the sales department is the lifeline. The sales department generates revenue for the organization. Regardless of how much you have perfected the manufacturing or production operation of your businesses, or how up-to-date you are with technology, how properly you are managing your financial goals, how progressive your management techniques may be, or how extensive your business and sales team may be, you have to have an effective sales team or everything else will slowly but gradually begin to become redundant. All other efforts made in the various departments of your business will gradually become frustrated.Most businesses under-invest in their sales teams, treating their sales departments as though they were an afterthought, to be considered after all the production, distribution, and financial issues have been taken care of.The best sales teams comprise of carefully selected individuals who are properly structured, passionate, reasonably autonomous, and properly motivated. Well structured sales teams serve clients or consumers interests; they form and maintain strong personal relationships with key consumers in addition to attracting and creating new relationships for your business.LINK BETWEEN SALES TEAM FUNCTIONS AND ACTUAL SALES/IMPORTANCE OF A PROPERLY STRUCTURED SALES TEAMThis section will describe in detail how sales teams have influence on the sales/revenue made by any business:To start with, a sales team serves as the Inbound Promoters of a business. The sales team takes up the task of analyzing consumer personas and identifying what entices and interests them. As Inbound Promoters, the sales team proceeds to attract them with elements of their interest by influencing conversion of the business’s goods and services into valuable commodities for consumers. The sales team also nurtures the relationships formed between the busi ness and the consumers and in the process conduct research necessary for the business to identify areas of untapped market; areas in which the business brand can infiltrate and expand.Expounding on the above point, a sales team acts as the Market Researcher of the business. The sales team gathers and analyzes data, identifies consumers, finds social influencers to liaise with, and closes deals with targeted buyers. For example, a sales team will do the research and make connections with companies or individuals that your organization can draw business from but who are either unaware of your brand or who have no idea that they are in need of your product or service.Further, the sales team is the Closer of the business. The sales team has been tasked with the primary function of ensuring that the business makes the best sales possible. They do their homework, acting in their Market Researcher capacity, and engage the consumers in conversations that eventuallyenable suitable change in the business and, hence, expand its sales volume and enable it to ultimately reach its goals. The personnel of a well structured sales team are skilled in listening, posing questions, and tactfully subduing consumer objections. In addition to this the personnel build trust with consumers by consistently delivering value directly to the consumers through consultation, education, and occasional project involvement with the consumers.You are probably thinking that putting together a team that comprises of personnel with the above discussed qualities is an easy enough task. How hard could it be, right? However, consider this; how many individuals are really going to be good at more than one of the above mentioned tasks? For individuals that happen to posses multiple strengths, how many can adequately divide their time between those roles to sufficiently complete the purpose of each? Placing functional specialists in a team is the first step, however it is necessary to make sure that eac h of the individuals regardless of their particular role are conversant with the overall objectives and roles of the sales team. This way you will have leveraged the skill sets of each team member and incase a team member is unavailable or underdeveloped their role will effectively be supplemented by other team members; hence covering all the bases.The efficiency of a sales team structure is significantly diminished when there is no such structure implemented; when aspects of the sales team functions are being redundant and not compensated for by other team members. The efficiency of a sales team also diminished when team members have been assigned more tasks than they can effectively divide their time amongst.Note, it is extremely important not to rely too heavily on one function of the sales team. For example, if your business emphasizes too much on the Inbound Marketing function of your sales team it will be difficult to attract high-profile potential clients such as companies. T his is because established companies will rarely spend their time looking for new product or service providers since they already have entrenched solutions and possibly internal departments that are opposed to change.In that case, a balanced emphasis of functions within your sales team would ensure that the Market Research function is properly executed and hence your business would be better positioned to gain entry and acquire the targeted company as your business’s new client. Maybe it is time to reconsider your sales team structure along the lines of functionality as opposed to the basic lines of skill set alone. By ensuring that your sales team works as one organically flowing unit that supplements its shortcomings at every turn within itself, your business will be able to connect with its target population, make projected sales, and eventually accomplish its goals.With so much emphasis on the structure of a sales team, the following section of the article avails a structuring approach that can be adopted for a sales team of any size in order to bring it to its full potential.SALES TEAM STRUCTURING OPTIONSThere are several structuring options that a business can adopt for its sales team. The suitability of each option differs from organization to organization. These sales team structuring options are described as follows:Customer-Centric StructureA Customer-Centric sales team refers to one that places its primary focus on meeting the needs of the consumers. This sort of sales team enables the business to create the best solutions for consumers as opposed to simply availing the best products or services from the business’s perspective. Customer-Centric sales teams are focused on the product/service packaging, consumer training and education, as well as provision of consultative services to the consumers. This way the consumer’s experience is enriched and hence customer loyalty is achieved.In order to grow the business, the Customer-Centric sales team constantly searches in untapped markets for new consumers whose needs need to be met. The sales team looks for new ways to constantly increase the business’s market share. In businesses that adopt a Customer-Centric structure for their sales team, marketing and profits are measured in terms of consumers as opposed to products.Similarly, success is measured by the lifetime value of the business’s consumers. The biggest reward to the business in applying this option is that it is able to nurture and sustain a large base of consumers, which implies higher profits in both the short -run and the long-run.[slideshare id=683221doc=tpmcustomerfocusedsalesorganizationhewitt-1224708006762196-9w=640h=330]Product-Centric StructureA Product-Centric sales team is one that places its focus on the products and services that it introduces to the market as opposed to the consumers who purchase those products. Product-Centric sales teams are driven by an urge to develop the product or service they represent.The advantage of this structuring option is that one can exploit the talents and skills already found within the business without having to look outside of the business at the consumer’s unmet needs. The sales team simply gathers information that it relays to the business and in turn the business invests to have the best product or service; with the best features in the market.Success for a business that adopts the Product-Centric approach is measured by the portfolio of products or services it presents, the sales volume of those products and services, and the market share that the business holds. Presenting the numerous applications your product or service has is an essential part of your sales pitch, making the Product-Centric approach a potentially effective structure for any sales team.[slideshare id=316676doc=productcentric-versuscustomer-centric-organization-1206131150535568-3w=640h=330]The downside of having a Product-Centric sales team is that the vision of the business is limited since the outlook is only from the product lens. For this reason a business that applies this option can easily be blindsides from changing its product’s or service’s focus. In addition, the business may be gaining from short term product sales and missing out on the benefits of long-term customer loyalty.Geographic StructureThe Geographic Structure is where a sales team is structured and divided to focus on geographical specialties. This option can be useful for understanding markets and meeting consumer needs more thoroughly.For example, the business can have territories for each one of its sales people or group of sales people; after which those sales people have the mandate to work their individual territories thoroughly and amass the maximum number of sales possible. This structuring option is highly suitable in industries such as telecommunications and advertising.One strength of this sales team structuring option is that since different areas will poss ess different demographics, sales will require a different approaches and techniques in order to be successful. As such, the Geographic Structure allows the sales team to hone in on their individual markets through specialization.Regardless of which sales team structural option one chooses, there are several questions that a business owner ought to consider to aid in their decision. These questions ought to be answered with the utmost consideration; they must just be the determinants of how your business performs.There are additional options on how you could structure your sales organization as discussed in the following video. What kind of efforts will be necessary to meet the business’s needs? How many sales personnel will be necessary for the achievement of those goals? Which structural option is the most suitable for handling the particular product or service that the business provides?STRUCTURING APPROACH FOR AN EFFECTIVE SALES TEAMThe times of the rigid, overly populated, an d slow to act business departments have continued to haunt businesses even in a time when there is so much advocacy for agile and adaptive business organizations.In a time when even small organizations have gained the capacity to reach potential clients in their millions through the internet, the business organizations that are performing the best are those that have been able to market and sell to the clients with the utmost degree of precision and this new dynamic is not going to change any time soon.These technological changes imply that the best performers are able to attract, serve, and retain a bigger market and, therefore, reap the largest share of that market’s revenue. The key, as discussed above, to effectively attracting potential clients to a business lies significantly on the competence of a business’s sales team.How are hyper effective organizations such as Google and Valve structuring their sales teams to gain exceptional performance? Here are some of the pointers /approaches in sales team structuring that can ensure that your business’s performance improves remarkably.Intimately Internalize the Concept of SalesIt may not seem as important but the very first step towards building a properly structured team lies in understanding sales just as intimately as you understand your area of specialty in your business; you should be the best sales person in your business.What is a sale? A sale, very unambiguously, refers to the act of closing a deal with the consumer. Without understanding and internalizing this concept it will be difficult to make any sales. Ineffective sales persons do nothing but speak but they rarely close deals; they have been termed crocodile sales persons and can be very dangerous for the growth of your business. An effective salesperson understands that sales involve the business and the customer, where a foundation of a relationship is laid first.When this relationship has been established, the sales person can then commenc e to inquire the consumer’s needs. If this process is ignored, it is likely that a consumer will feel that the sales person has no interest in their wellbeing and withdraw.However, ‘sales’ is not just about consumers, on the contrary, sales is something we encounter everyday in business. It is something one does when they approach their partners or investors because even in that context one is selling themselves.For this reason, it is important to understand sales, develop and cultivate a working sales process even before putting together or restructuring a sales team. Otherwise, how will you be able to oversee the functionality of your sales team?Self InvolvementIf your idea of creating an effective sales team is hiring someone else to implement your structure and manage the team for you in your business; it would be advisable to change tact.You ought to involve yourself very actively in the selling of your product or service, not just to potential investors but also to consu mers; do not assume that you are too high up in the hierarchy to get down and dirty with your sales team.The importance of this involvement when putting together and structuring your sales team is that it enables you to understand the various challenges that your salespeople encounter. This way, once you have recruited and structured the team you are equipped with experience to manage them and help them succeed.If you do not already have a sales team and/or have not involved yourself actively in the activities of the sales team, you can get a start by practicing how to sell your business product or service by creating your own presentation; it does not have to be too long. All it needs to show is what your business has to offer and why consumers need your product or service. That is, strive to learn how to sell what your business has to offer better than anyone else in the business.Additionally, every time you encounter consumers, incorporate their interests in your product or servi ce and encourage other sales team members to do the same because it will enable you and your sales team to perform better in future encounters with consumers. Growing this culture will not only enable you to be an excellent sales person, but you will be better positioned to structure and manage your sales team for optimum performance.Recruiting Growth Inclined TeamNote, just because an individual has been successful in a sales team for a different business or organization, does not translate to great performance in your business’s sales team. Therefore, do not let potential recruits sway your judgment by narrating how good they are as sales personnel.What is important is to spot the passion in them; a passion for constantly improving and competing at a higher level than they are in. Potential sales team recruits ought to display eagerness to attain greater levels of experience.In addition to this, the sales persons ought to be most comfortable interacting with consumers and potent ial consumers, listening to their comments, and receiving constructive criticism. They ought to be persons who are looking forward to receive consumer feedback over and over again in order to facilitate your business with the information necessary for creating a product or service consumers will love.Shrinking the HierarchyAfter the recruitment has been done, more focus can be laid on the actual framework around the sales team. As opposed to placing focus on creating multiple layers of a management system for the approval or disapproval of tasks within the sales team, each employee can be allowed an increased level of autonomy in their individual roles.Allowing selected sales personnel to exercise a reasonable level of autonomy will grow their passions, increase their motivation, and gradually enhance their performance. It is very important to skim away at the management hierarchy of your sales team in order to support an increasingly horizontal sales structure that empowers the sal es personnel in the performance of their duties.An example of where one could shrink their hierarchy is when you identify an opportunity to restructure and reduce a managerial layer in the sales team, thereby, lowering the cost of sales without affecting the value of the product or service. This would in turn attract more consumers to the business and substantially boost that business’s performance all around.All this can be achieved without taking up additional costs or costs incurred in fresh training of personnel.Focus on Strong PerformersAs much as it is important to focus on the all round performance of your sales team, a little bias might be encouraged in terms of placing a little more focus on the strongest performing members of your sales team. For optimum performance of the team, promoting the growth of the best performing sales persons can significantly increase the overall performance of the team.Hyper performers make up less than 50 percent of the team; these performer s produce revenue and value in large amounts and for this reason, you should take some extra time to coach and develop their talents and possibly improve the sales team’s performance even more.Reconsidering Information Intake and ApplicationOver half of the information that businesses obtain is of little or no value to them. Because of this, businesses end up missing a lot of information that is most relevant and valuable to their particular line of business. The presence of information ought to be a promotional factor for your business’s sales team as opposed to an inhibiting factor in order to make informed sales judgments.Therefore, for the sales team you put together, ensure that you pay close attention and control the manner in which sales metrics are managed and used on a daily  basis by the members of your sales team.This will involve cleaning your businesses database and ridding it off duplicates, reinstalling lost and missing information, adding relevant and useful inf ormation, and amending incorrect data in order to eliminate the likelihood of acting upon poorly informed decisions for your sales team. As signing a member of the sales team, tasking them with the duty of eliminating information errors in the business’s database system can ensure that there is a constant of valuable and beneficial information for the performance of the sales team’s duties.[slideshare id=7987075doc=ncvojan2010-theimportanceofdataaccuracy-slidesharevn-110516172822-phpapp01w=640h=330]IN BRIEFSo, what is the perfect Sales Team Structure for your business? As much as it is important to structure your sales team for success, it is equally important to carefully consider how the personnel have been structured in order to work fluidly as a team. As a business owner, it will also be extremely important for the success of your sales team to intimately understand sales and actively engage yourself in the activities of your sales team department.As a business grows, so doe s the need for additional sales personnel. The common notion would be that the more salespeople you employ the more sales your business will generate. However, remember that without a strict modus operandi of structuring the sales team members, such as the one presented in the discussion above, the expense of running a large-sized sales team may end up overwhelming that team’s value to the business.As mentioned, the sales team is the lifeline of the business; it gives the business its consumer base. With such a critical role, it is one of the most critical resources that any organization has. Therefore, do not make the grave mistake of assuming that one can grow in their business without promoting growth in the structure and efficiency of their sales team. At the end of the day, efficiency and value should be the primary focus for your sales team.Even in times of technological advancement and ease of access to a vast population of people, a winning sales team remains the key engin e of a business’s growth. A sales team is also a costly resource and creating one and structuring it takes a significant amount of time and effort. Structuring your sales team carefully and evolving the personnel to be able to handle the dynamics of various roles in the team when the need arises and supplementing and complimenting one another where need be, is what will enable your business to rise above its competition and capture a larger portion of the market. How one structures their sales team might just be the difference between a successful organization and an unsuccessful one. Note; structure follows strategy.Too often, we will place focus solely on market strategies of our businesses and spend our time trying to come up with new and better ones. We train our people in this art but we rarely evaluate our sales team structures; a vital organ of our businesses. Proper structure for a sales team of any size, big or small, can bring about substantial returns to your business w ithout having to make exaggerated investments for that purpose.

Is it Ethical Essay - 1465 Words

From a young age, individuals learn about what is right and what is wrong. According to Sandra Crosser, Ph.D., many young children do not have a clear understanding of right and wrong. As children grow, their views on the world develop. Many will argue that children gain their morals from their parents; others say that children get their morals from the people that they interact with. The development of morals is a topic of controversy in both the scientific and philosophical/ethical communities. When thinking about higher education and the role ethics play on the individuals, many psychologists and other professions have considered whether or not universities are capable of creating ethical individuals, or if students develop their ethics†¦show more content†¦Chen, Dalton, and Crosby begin by discussing how, â€Å"moral and religious values were a centerpiece of institutional mission† (Chen). But these authors discuss as years pass, the value of ethical/moral educati on has changed. Chen, Dalton, and Crosby state, â€Å"By the 1960s, most colleges and universities in the United States, including many historically faith oriented institutions, had adopted a secular orientation that relegated matters of faith and religion to the private realm of students’ lives and increasingly to the periphery of academic life† (Chen). In the 1960s, ethics and morals were not as prominent in students’ education, as it had been in earlier years. â€Å"Over the past twenty years, concern has grown that American higher education is failing its legacy and responsibility for encouraging moral and civic capacities so critical in a democratic society†(Chen). Chen, Dalton, and Crosby are demonstrating why they believe that schools are responsible for creating ethical individuals. Chen, Dalton, and Crosby have heard â€Å"College officials [from schools where ethics courses are not required] are now reporting greater student interest and partic ipation in campus organizations and activities that have a spiritual and ethical focus† (Chen). This example demonstrates that ethics are acquired before the individual enters a college andShow MoreRelatedEthical Dilemm Ethical And Ethical Dilemmas1610 Words   |  7 PagesEthical dilemma is an issue that has no satisfactory resolution. A conflict between two ethical standards and situations can result in ethical dilemma. The ethical behavior of an individual is determined by the cultural norms and the societal norms. This develops a sense of right and wrong which helps in decision making. Failure to make proper decision due to ethical conflict results in ethical dilemma. This is a critical decision making criteria that create the complex situation in the patient’sRead MoreIs Abortion Ethical Or Ethical?907 Words   |  4 Pages Is abortion ethical? There are certain situations where it could be, such as not being able to carry the baby to term due to health concerns, emotional, personal concerns, and financial stability. However, there are certainly many situations where abortion is not ethical due to immature and careless reason between to sexual partners having sex. I believe Abortion can be ethical depending on the circumstances one is in. â€Å"Most of us believe that women are entitled to abortions if they want them,Read MoreIs Marketing Ethical And Ethical?1158 Words   |  5 PagesIs Marketing Ethical? The purpose of this paper is to discuss whether or not Marketing is ethical. 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With globalisation and technological advances, it can put a stress on some companies as they always need profit and market share to be successful and grow. â€Å"Individual managers (tone at the top) play an essential role making sureRead MoreThe Ethical Theory Of Ethical Egoism1423 Words   |  6 PagesEthical egoism is defined roughly by stating how people do things or react to what is in their best interest. This theory gets its meaning because the word â€Å"egoism† derives from the Latin term â€Å"ego†, meaning â€Å"I† in English (Moseley). The motivation of ethical egoism depends on how the situation will act upon one’s self-interest. In this paper, I am going to def end and explain that babies are born with morality of the ethical egoism theory. Ethical egoism stands out from the rest of the ethical

Organizational Stress Positive or Negative - 1656 Words

DDBA 8151 – Andrea Manzoni Discussion 1 Module 3 Organizational Stress: Positive or Negative? The increased uncertainty about the future, the global competition, lower living standards, the spreading disorganization and absence of leadership are just some of the causes that concur to generate organizational stress. Lazarus (as cited in Selart Johansen, 2011) defined stress as the physiological and psychological reaction of any individual against external factors called stressors. Several studies were conducted to evaluate how these factors negatively affect the physical and mental health of both workers and managers. For instance research conducted by the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions in†¦show more content†¦Missing of an effective leadership is the main cause of disruption: the project manager is not the level the project of this magnitude requires. This fact translates into quantity and qualitative overload of work to the project people with clear compromise on quality of work done. This overload generates frustration, an xiety and aggressiveness among the team. People start resigning, with a clear impact on the project performance as it is not easy to find available and suitable personnel in the local market. This issue increases the workload of the present staff, as no replacement is always available immediately. Besides the tangible effect of the stress, there is another important aspect of stressed employees which deals with ethical conduct. One of the main tasks of a leader is to align the values of the employees with the values of the organization. In fact, as Bass (1999) declared, transformational leadership is required to align the individual s values and beliefs, and the requirements of the work position. When the alignment between personal and organizational values is missing, â€Å"attitudes will be formed which suppress motivation, hinder performance, and result in greater levels of dissatisfaction, turnover, and stress† (Posner, 2010, p. 536). In particular, Selart and Johansen (2011) suggested that the stress influence the capability of people to elaborate ethicalShow MoreRelatedThe Effect Of Job Rotation And Role Stress Among Nurses On Job Satisfaction And Organizational Commitment1748 Words   |  7 PagesThe authors Wen-Hsien Ho, Ching Sheng Chang, Ying-Ling Shih and Ro ng-Da Liang in their research article â€Å"Effects Of Job Rotation And Role Stress Among Nurses On Job Satisfaction And Organizational Commitment†, conducted a field study and the purpose of study was to inspect how role stress among nurses could affect their organizational commitment and job satisfaction, and if the job rotation system might encourage nurses to recognize, relate to and share the vision of the organization, it will resultRead MoreOrganizational Behavior And Human Behavior1217 Words   |  5 PagesOrganizational behavior studies the impact of groups, individuals, and structures have on the personal human behavior within many organizations. 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Life History Project Free Essays

string(73) " things run more smoothly and we have spare time for leisure activities\." LIFE HISTORY PROJECT By Lorraine Ward PSY 355 5/14/09 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 Life History Research †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. We will write a custom essay sample on Life History Project or any similar topic only for you Order Now 4-8 Works Sited Page †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 Appendix †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10- 15 Photo of Interviewee †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 16 ABSTRACT: This research delves into the special concerns of aging. I look at options that to be explored to make life more satisfying for senior citizens. Harry Lo Vette was my interviewee and his answers are similar to others his age, depending on ducational background, socioeconomic status, mental and physical health. Programs need to be implemented for older adults and their f amilies to discuss the lifespan. Lorraine Ward 5/1/2009 PSY 355 Life History Paper I chose to do the life history interview. I interviewed my neighbor/family friend, Harry E. Lo Vette. I learned a lot of interesting facts about Harry. He is the type of person that you can have a conversation with for hours and lose track of the time. Our interview took at least two hours. I have decided to have my parents fill out a questionnaire. This will be great to look back on, when my children have their own children. I am going to fill one out, too. I think it is a great way to record people in your family. My great, great, great-grandchildren may find it comforting to hear that we started cleaning up our planet or that cars ran on gas or moon hotels hadn’t developed, yet. These could be included in time capsules to show how we’ve evolved through generation to generation. There are many similarities between my interview and what we discussed in class. The one that bothers me the most is the acceptance of pain. Harry said he had overall good health but later in the interview said â€Å"I hurt. I take a few pills it makes you feel dumb in the head the pain goes away for half an hour. † I know my grandmother suffers with pain, too and she takes hands full of prescription medication. A man at my job takes 15 different vitamin and medications, twice a day. He suffers with pain. I don’t understand why take the pills if you are still going to hurt? Why prescribe a medication that obviously doesn’t work? Why are we not looking for alternative methods to take their pain away, if medications/pain relievers aren’t working? It seems to me that the physicians are just dealing with the pain and not the cause. Do we just put our elderly on a shelf? â€Å"Here, take these. Go home and come back when these are gone. † Your children and grandchildren have their hectic lives and visit between PTA meetings, softball, and soccer games. Your friends either can’t drive, have passed on, go south for winter, or are in a nursing home, possibly suffering more than you. We treat animals better than we treat our elderly and our country is supposed to be a great place to live†¦.. We must look into changing this. â€Å"†¦there is more to aging than meets the eye! † (Althoff, pg. 9) â€Å"For some, later years are a time of struggle, while others enjoy greater success† (Crosnoe, pg. 310). This may be because of good physical and mental health or because of their socioeconomic status being a positive one. According to Crosnoe, three criteria must be met to have a successful adaptation to aging. These criteria are; family engagement, occupational success, and civic involvement. We must remember that everyone is unique in their aging process, also. These factors are relevant to a subject’s differences in longevity and aging; biological background, education, occupation, marital status and family life, ethnic group, geographic location, housing, recreation, religion, and social class. (Althoff, pg. 9) Family interactions are important throughout life (Brubaker, pg. 212). Time spent with one’s family is important and so is accomplishing career goals (Crosnoe, pg. 311). Harry was successful in his career and enjoyed his job at the telephone company. He had a bad fall but went back on the job after he could walk, again. Also, he was involved with Boy Scouts from the time he was a child. I can recall many stories he has told my family and I about his camping trips with the Boy Scouts. He really enjoyed teaching the young boys important life skills and respect. He has had a lot of civic involvement. Marital status can have a positive influence on aging, also, especially if it’s a long term marriage to only one partner. It enhances a person’s security and provides social networks, especially for men (Crosnoe, pg. 312). Harry has been married twice but he realizes his first marriage dissolved because of his alcoholism. â€Å"Alcoholism is disruptive†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Crosnoe, pg. 312). He still visits his first wife (Rose) in the nursing home she resides at. Donna his current wife understands because she realizes Rose has Alzheimer’s disease and cancer. Harry has been married to Donna for over twenty five years. Religion can be beneficial to aging subjects. It can provide comfort, direction, a sense of community, and an anchor in social networks, which can increase social amalgamation over time and aid in successful adaptation Crosnoe, pg. 313). Harry is active in his church, the Salvation Army. His church gives to the less fortunate and Harry finds this important. He came from a family that believed in giving. â€Å"†¦to the extent that aging includes a greater concern with others’ welfare. † (Silver, pg. 13). Harry’s mother brought food to those without, during the G reat Depression. It’s fulfilling to help others, out of the kindness of your heart. Organization within the family unit is important at any age. â€Å"Well-organized families weathered even severe losses, while disorganized families suffered severe disruption. (Duvall, pg. 131). Every family has conclusive essential tasks that must be met: (a) provide physical care, (b) allocate resources, (c) arbitrate who does what, (d) assure members’ socialization, (e) authenticate interaction models, (f) incorporate and extricate members, (g) relate to society through its institutions, (h) and affirm morale and motivation (Duvall, pg. 131). I know in my own family if we stay organized, things run more smoothly and we have spare time for leisure activities. You read "Life History Project" in category "Life" If we don’t stay on top of things, then it’s very chaotic. Psychological well-being and social engagement is a lifelong process. (Crosnoe, pg. 309). â€Å"A positive view of the world may not be crucial for the young, but seeing the world as more than good and people as more trustworthy than not is a source of well-being for older adults. † (Silvers, pg. 14). I see this in Harry. During my interview with him, I asked if he had experienced any prejudice against him due to his age and he had said no. He went onto explain that a younger person needs to be taught to respect others. This is a positive view of the world. I do wonder if this is across the board or if only by those who have adapted well to aging. Also, I wonder if this occurs across multicultural backgrounds or just those of European decent. The Great Depression and World War II greatly affected the current generation of senior citizens. They probably knew someone who served in the armed forces at this time or they themselves served. Combat experience and family death are traumatic events that affect a person for the entirety of his/her life (Crosnoe, pg. 313). â€Å"Combat in World War II increased odds of eing less adjusted (289%)†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Crosnoe, pg. 321). Those who served in WWII or had suffered a loss of a child were less likely to be satisfied with their life than others (Crosnoe, pg. 323). War veterans have a less effective style for aging, even years later (Crosnoe, pg. 324). The end of WWII brought more problems with it. â€Å"American families were in disarray. † (Duvall, pg. 127). The men came back from the wa r changed by the event. The women had experienced a newfound independence of being employed outside the home. Children were either left fatherless (during the war) or went off to war. President Truman formed the First National Conference on the Family for 1948. The enlistment of participation of 123 national agencies centered on the family was called on. (Duvall, pg. 127). Truman actually acknowledged that families were in need of help. I wish our President or past President would acknowledge this. Our troops are coming home with many confusing thoughts and addictions (Heroin is cheaper in Iraq and Afghanistan. ). They have never been faced with these kinds of traumatic events. A person must ascertain a certain amount of habits to insure they live a fulfilling life, even into old age. One must moderate food, drink, and physical pleasures (Althoff, pg. 11). Too much of a good thing, is not good. A person should avoid grief, drugs, tobacco products, and an excess of alcohol (Althoff, pg. 11). These are toxins. It is wise to exercise daily, get plenty of sleep, get good medical care, have good personal hygiene, and breathe pure air. Quality medical care is hard to come by for lower income adults, especially the elderly, in America. It is recommended that one achieve a balance of physical and mental work throughout their lifespan (Althoff, pg. 11). It is a fact that as we age our bodily functions decrease. â€Å"The resolution of early stages greatly influences the outcomes of later stages. † (Dunkel, pg. 13). This would be along the same lines of Psychoanalytic theory, also. Erikson has eight stages in his theory. The one that affects this paper, though, is integrity versus despair. In old age the individual must assess their lives and have a sense of contentment or sorrow. Wisdom arrives with integrity as strength (Dunkel, pg. 4). According to Dunkel, a basic sense of trust develops an understanding of autonomy, industry, identity, intimacy, generativity, and integrity (Dunkel, pg. 14). Harry seemed comfortable with his childhood and therefore, I assume this is why he is adjusting well to aging. My grandmother, too, has adapted well to aging, even though she suffers through a lot of pain. Is it possible that surviving great hurdles like war and economic struggles can bring a family closer and help a person to learn coping mechanisms to deal with adaptations needed in aging? Listening to the power point presentations in class, those who had a closer family network and had to struggle at some point in their life had a better outlook on aging. Is it generational or a theory we need to further research? The next generation to reach old age is the baby boomers. They are facing a different set of problems than their parents did. There is a higher rate of single parents, divorced, multiple marriages, extramarital activities, women that had entered the job force, and live in households where both parents were working (Giordano, pg. 11). This generation was more likely to have parents still alive and live close to them (Giordano, pg. 411). They are the recipients of advanced medical research, greater economic security, more open to alternative lifestyles, rising social security payments, and achieved higher levels of education (Giordano, pg. 412). Harry’s daughters are examples of how true this is. All three of them are teachers and that is a higher educa tion than Harry achieved. This generation has developed a more positive attitude on aging. They have adapted well and have increased their leisure activities, enjoy happier marriages and family relations (Giordano, pg. 412). There are (and will be) more fourth and fifth generation families. These subjects will require more counseling, health and enrichment programs (individual and marriage), and family therapy techniques will need adjusting to compensate for larger family networks (Giordano, pg. 413). They will be the pacesetters for the increase use of technology. They will not suffer from as many serious health issues, as previous generations had (Giordano, pg. 14). My parents are baby boomers and I agree with Giordano on most of what he wrote about on this generation. My mother goes to Curves for fitness. My father gardens, and remodels their home. This is form of enjoyment. They both like to travel via car to different castles and other places of interest to them. I know my grandparents never did this. In fact, I don’t believe they could afford to. â€Å"Health may be the most important factor associated with an older person’s well-being. † (Brubaker, pg. 212-213). Retirement is a major influence in an older adult’s life. It adds to the possible confusion that accompanies growing older. There need to be support groups that are community based and accessible to all ethnicities and genders, surrounding the topic of retirement. â€Å"Women have more difficulty adjusting to retirement than men. † (Brubaker, pg. 215). These support groups need to address financial planning (retirement income), â€Å"empty nest† syndrome, leisure activities, smaller households/larger family networks, medical care, intergenerational issues, accessing new technologies, social changes, fitness for the mind and body, and emotional changes (Brubaker, pg. 13). â€Å"Concurrent with the changes in spousal interaction, older parents need to develop new patterns of communication and interaction with their independent children. † (Brubaker, pg. 213). Issues pertaining to retirement programs are: â€Å"theoretical assumptions that under pins the programs’ rationale†, significance of the agenda, timin g of such learning occasions, teaching patterns, and accessibility of the program (Brubaker, pg. 215). There are stereotypes encompassing senior citizens that need to be altered because so many are negative. The assumption that older subjects don’t engage in sexual activities is false, for the most part. Many may not realize that holding hands, caressing each other, massages, and foreplay can astute to sexual activity. Intercourse does not need to be the only way to relieve sexual tension. Also, they may need to hear that it’s perfectly normal and okay to engage in sexual activity. Previous generations may have been told that it was not okay and this may have been passed down to other generations. As long as a physician has not said to refrain from sexual activity, it should be safe to do so. Other stereotypes include hearing loss, memory loss, control of bladder, perversion (â€Å"dirty old man†), and the necessity to call them â€Å"honey† or â€Å"dear†. There is hearing loss but not in everyone and not to the extreme pictured in cartoons. Short term memory loss is common but generally, long term memory is intact and sharper than some younger persons. Bodily functions do decrease but not everybody loses control of their bladder. The â€Å"Depends† and â€Å"Serenity† commercials would have you believe this occurs with all older adults, but it just simply isn’t true. The â€Å"Viagara† commercials play on people in the same way. Old people are no more likely to be perverted than anyone else. It is okay to be sexually attracted to another adult at any age. The person the attraction is aimed at should feel honored to be noticed by a more distinguished person. The older adult should feel proud that these feelings can be evoked still. Many older adults are living to see their children’s children and some have no idea how to deal with this. â€Å"Nearly 75% of older people are grandparents and nearly half are great-grandparents. † (Brubaker, pg. 216). Classes should be offered on how to be adequate, functional grandparents. Issues to be taught through family education classes ought to include: what to do with a grandchild, different grandparenting styles, intergenerational differences/similarities, how these bonds will strengthen the family structure, gender differences, listening to views of younger people, lifespan development, generativity, increase satisfaction of having grandchildren, and how to improve family communication (Brubaker, pg. 216-217). A grandparent’s role is very different from a parent’s role. They are more nurturing and less disciplining. A grandparent can teach a child more than a parent can, though. A child can learn about a generation that has past, with more detail than a textbook. Grandparents offer a wide array of learning experiences for their grandchildren. Environment influences how a subject adapts to aging. â€Å"People with particular needs search for the environments that meet them best. † (Text, ch. 5). Many different cultures hold the older generation as the wisest. Some are chiefs in their nations or kings/queens of their empires. The United States is one of the most powerful countries in the world but they hold very little respect for senior citizens. In fact, there are very few programs available to older adults. They often are challenged with high medical bills, high costs of mobility equipment, transportation costs (after they lose use of their driver’s license), and possible nursing home costs. Senior citizens may feel distraught over the obstacle of maturing. Our economy will determine if more programs are able to be launched or not. It will ascertain how well or not, the elderly live. (Frontline Video: Living Old)The length of time they live will be affected by the cost of living. Nursing homes need to get a facelift. Instead of being waiting rooms for death, they should be improved to be gazed upon as an oasis for the elderly. They have lived full lives and deserve to be treated with respect. Programs required in this environment are; life history therapies, training for staff, co-ed rooms, family education about lifespan development, technology training, discussions about aging (group therapy), memory builder games or skill training, course availability (of their choice) at a local college or learning institution, and options about dying with dignity (vegetable state, assisted suicide? , living wills). Presently, our economy is facing a possible depression. Medicare has been cut and Social Security runs the risk of running out of funding. Older adults are being forced either out of a job or into an early retirement due to budget cutbacks, the closing of companies, or the companies have moved out of the country. This leaves an older adult at a loss of coping skills. This needs to be addressed within every community because it affects everyone. Many of these people don’t have the required skills to achieve another job without a higher education. Some may not even have a high school diploma or GED. They are now faced with competing for jobs with younger, more viable adults that do have the required education and skills. This is a major stressor for these misplaced aging adults. Their risk for acute illnesses may rise due to this added stress leaving them even more vulnerable. I learned a lot from this course on adult development and aging, the life history interview, and this research paper. I realized how condescending I may sound to elderly customers who step into my taxi by calling them â€Å"honey† or â€Å"sugar†. I had never even thought about it until we learned it in class. I’m conditioning myself to use it less and to treat senior citizens like others in my cab and in general. I respect my elders, always. This is how I was raised and something I struggle to instill in my children. They seem so stubborn (lol). I tried to include approximately the same information in my research paper as I asked in my life history interview with Harry Lo Vette. This wasn’t difficult because most of the information I found on aging surrounded these same topics or topics we had already discussed in class. I’m going to interview my parents and myself for fun. The answers may be worth putting in a time capsule or away for future generations to reminisce over. It will be interesting to review and revise my answers when I’m 50 or 60. This course was rewarding for me because I learned more than I ever thought I would. The achievements that older adults have over me are that they have successfully lived longer than I have (to date). WORKS SITED: Althoff, Sally A. (1975). Preparing Teachers, Students, and Citizens to Deal Constructively with the Problems and Potentialities of Aging. 1-79. Brubaker, T. H. , Roberto, K. A. (1993). Family Life Education for the Later Years. Family Relations, 42, 212-221. Crosnoe, R. , Elder, Jr, G. (2002). Successful Adaptation in the Later Years: A Life Course Approach to Aging. Social Psychology Quarterly, 65, 309-328. Dunkel, C. S. , Sefcek, J. A. (2009). Eriksonian Lifespan Theory and Life History Theory: An Integration Using the Examples of Identity Formation. Review of General Psychology, 13, 13-23. Duvall, Evelyn M. (1988). Family Development’s First Forty Years. Family Relations, 37, 127-134. Giordano, Jeffrey. (1988). Parents of the Baby Boomers: A New Generation of Young-Old. Family Relations, 37, 411-414. Silver, R. C. , Poulin, M. (2008). World Benevolence Beliefs and Well-Being Across the Life Span. Psychology and Aging, 23, 13-23. APPENDIX Life History Interview DEMOGRAPHIC INFO: 1) What is your full name? Harry Edward Lo Vette 2) Where were you born? Corning Hospital, Corning, NY 3) What is your age? 79 (10/19/1929) 4) Oldest of 5 children: 3 boys 2 girls. I lost one brother here, 10 years ago. He worked with asbestos @ Corning Glass. He died of Cancer from the asbestos. 5) Where did you live as a child? Spent most of my life in 100 radius of Dundee area. Grew up in Monterey on a farm, during the Depression, for a number of years. Lived in the Chenango Forks down near Binghamton then we came back to Dundee area – Lakemont. Then we moved back to Binghamton area then back to Dundee, just before the War 1950. Then I graduated high school in 1949. Went to Korea, came home got married, 1st marriage, lived there until 1955 when I went to work for the phone company down in Corning. 6) What do you recall about your family home and neighborhood; you lived in as a child? We lived on a 500 acre farm. We didn’t have many cows. We milked 35 cows by hand, my brother I, my mother my father did. Everything was done by mules. We had black mules. During The Depression time you didn’t know you were supposed to have money in your pocket but we had food. We lived good, on food. We had all kinds of animals. Plus, we hunted a lot. We had beef, pork, never raised rabbits. We had ducks, chickens, and we always had a couple of tame sheep. The neighbors raised sheep. My mother always made us our White shirts. And I went to a one room school house until I was in 4th grade, over in Monterey. One room school house, one teacher, maybe 16 students. My mother was strict. My father only hit me just one time that was calling my brother a liar. He was a hard working man, but he didn’t condone that type of behavior. We were supposed to take turns cutting wood, fill the kindling box and heavy wood. Come in from chores one morning, my father said â€Å"Before you eat, who was supposed to cut kindling wood last night? † My brother said â€Å"Harry†. I turned around to him. My father said â€Å"Get out there cut it†. When I went by my brother, I said â€Å"You liar†. I can remember it I never saw it coming. He picked up the little coal shovel caught me right across the fanny. (He chuckled) He use to threaten to tear our arm off beat us to death with a bloody stump, but he didn’t mean it. My mother was the domineering one, belt, switch, leather strap. 7) Where do you live? 800 Hill Road, Genoa, NY 13071 8) How long have you lived @ your current address? 28 yrs. Married Donna moved in. Donna lived there for 29 years. (He gets in conversation with my Mom about our family house. It was built in early 1800s. ) 9) With whom do you live? Donna (wife) 10) Are there any concerns about safety or mobility? No. I can’t do the things I use to do. A little lame, so far, no. 11) Both of us are retired. I retired after 32 years from the phone company. Your annual income: $20,000-$30,000. We run about $30,000 a year, between the 2 of us. 12) What is your ethnicity? Paternal Grandfather: French Canadian. Paternal Grandmother: Scottish English. 13) What religion do you practice? Christianity. Salvation Army. 14) How has the church affected your life and the life of your family? Different attitude @ looking @ things. A lot of good friends. Changed my life by quitting drinking. I don’t get as upset as I use to. I find the Salvation Army is comforting. I’ve been down there since 1972. Many churches are cliquish. They have their small groups. They may even look down their nose @ you, if you’re not properly dressed or you’re not this or this. The Salvation Army has never been that way. Their theme has always been you can teach the Word to someone who is down and out and hungry. The 1st thing you do is feed them pick them up. It’s been better for my life. 15) What did you do for a living (jobs)? Picked berries/grapes as a child (made $100 a season), high school: drove truck (17-18 without a driver’s license) (big) – markets, Corning Glass Works- television bulbs (Spring 1950-1st to make rectangle bulbs), Army (Korea), drove truck, Dundee Phone Comp, NY Phone Comp. was @ NY Phone Comp for 32 years (1953-1985) Got hurt on phone Comp job @ 32 (1962). Fell from top of pole landed standing up, couldn’t walk for almost 1 year! 16) How has these jobs changed? People my age were brought up to work. The injury changed his life. The Army Korea let him travel. People working the jobs changed. Cell phones changed the whole phone company. Computers took over my job. HEALTH and LEVEL of FUNCTIONING: 1) How is your overall health? Good. I take blood pressure medicine, but my blood pressure is good. I quit smoking in 1983. 2) Have you had any serious illnesses? Bronchitis. I get it every winter now. It was real bad this year the 1st Anti-biotic didn’t work. ) How did this affect your life? I didn’t get much done. This weekend was my 1st time in my wood shop this year. 4) Have there been any changes in your physical functioning over the last several years? (He chuckles)Not as much stamina. I can’t do hard work for as many hours, w/out rest. 5) Has your vision or hearing changed? Yeah! Had Cataracts removed new le nses implanted. Then got better vision than before. All hearing gone in right ear hard to hear in left. 6) Has your memory changed? Yes. 7) Does this affect your life? Long term is good. Short term memory is bad. Not as sharp. I can do mathematics plan a deck still. My 1st wife has Alzheimer’s disease. 8) Has your ability to use your mind or learn new things changed? You have to adapt. Attitude makes the difference. If you want to learn, you will learn it. 9) How are you treated by younger people? Respect is given taken. You have to give younger people respect. Lately, I haven’t had to associate with them. You have to lay it down to them. I never was discriminated against. 10) How do you feel about getting older? You learn to accept it. I don’t want to live to be 100. I just don’t want to go into a nursing home, unless I have to. I‘d rather not. 11) If you could be any age, what would you be? I’d like to go back be 19, again. Up until 32, when I fell. Now, some days it’s an effort to get up do anything. I hurt. I take a few pills it makes you feel dumb in the head pain goes away for half an hour. Yeah, those were good years. 12) Why? My life started. I enjoyed life. The last of the 40s (the 1940s) was good. AGE-GRADED, HISTORY-GRADED, and NON-NORMATIVE EVENTS: 1) What is your highest level of formal education? High school. Graduated in 1949. Army: map-making survey = 2 years of college. semester of college @ Auburn Community College, after I fell off the telephone pole. 2) Where did you attend school? Monterey (1 room school house), Dundee (built new school in 1939), Chenango Forks (1937-2 years), Dundee. 3) How did you get back forth from school? 1st walked ? mile, later walked 2 miles to catch the school bus. 4) What were some of your classmates’ names? Richard Peterson, Ros coe (big bee guy), Mike Hartford, A. Chadwick, Mary Sharp (my old flame) 5) Do you recall any childhood girlfriends? Mary Sharp (8 years) – went bad while I was in Korea. 6) Marriages? 2. My 1st wife (Rose) has Alzheimer’s and liver cancer 7) Where did you meet Donna? At Work. She came to the phone company. 8) Children? 1st Marriage – 3 daughters (all over 50 years old), 2nd Marriage – 2 step-children (daughter son). 9) Grandchildren? 4 4 step-grandchildren. 10) Where do your children live? Oregon, California, and Willard, NY. All are teachers. 11) How often do you see them? Out of state – not as often. The one in NY more often. 12) Romantic Relationships (not married to)? Honestly? 30. I was proposed to 3 times during the Leap Year I got out of service. Only 1 regret. 3) Are your children supportive in areas you need them to be as you age? Yes. Steps: David more than Dorie. 14) Do they respect your wishes? Yes. 15) What effect did (The Depression, World War I, and World War II) have on your life? The Depression – always had food. My mother made us white shirts. She was a good seamstress. Christmas wasn’t as big. My mom made our gifts. She made me a farm set by hand. Mother gave the neighbor some foods that we had made. World War 1 – It was depressing. I was 11 years old. World War 2 – a friend of our family was in a Japanese prison Camp (didn’t die). We lost friends in Normandy. In Maine – airplane spotters. 16) What changes have you noticed during your life in such areas as fashion, morality and technology? Fashion – always wore jeans, sweatshirts, shoes. Probably affected women more than men. Morality – NOT taught anymore! Depressing. I had a certain amount of wildness but not like today. 20s – No Respect. Drug Problem – mostly Blacks (out of large cities high school drop-outs). We didn’t have television. Media changed, too. 1st World War – it was weeks before we heard anything. 2nd World War – took 1 week. Korea – 3-4 days. Vietnam – same day. We kept some things quiet/hidden. Technology – EVERYTHING! Farming, cars (model B-4, 6-cylinder), lawn mowers (we had push mowers) – riders, flying (My 1st ride â€Å"Old Home Days† 1935. $5. 00 in an open cockpit, 2-seater; now 35,000 feet above ground, across USA) 17) How do you feel about these changes? Some is good. A lot†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Pesticides/sprays/growth are NOT good. There is a certain amount you have to have. Manufacturers – processed food. Candy bars used to be made @ Hershey Chocolate factory. 18) What do you think is one of the best technologies? Medical field. The development. If we had MRIs Cat Scans I wouldn’t have gone what I had when I fell. Sooner for recovery time. Extended life (transplants) 19) What do you think is one of the worst? Control over pesticides/growth hormones/sprays on our vegetation are TOXIC! I wonder if this has anything to do with the trouble with newborns. 20) What was family life like when you were growing up? We looked out for each other. We all had jobs around the house. My Dad was a truck driver. He taught me how to drive tractor trailer truck @ 14. We did things together as a family; picnics, family gatherings. My Dad taught me farm work. Dad was interested in my schooling. We were very close. He was killed in a truck accident while I was in the service. 21) What was your favorite radio show? Lone Ranger, Amos Andy, The Green Hornet, The Shadow, The Riflemen. 22) How old were you when you got your first television? 1947-48. It was an Admiral. 16† set. 23) What are some of the traditions still carried on by your family? Birthdays holidays. Easter is big in the church. 24) What were your favorite childhood games? Sandlot Baseball. We had a family of full-blooded Indians that lived above us. We played a lot of Indian games; Lacrosse – we made our own sticks balls (baked clay wrapped in cloth), Stone Toss (similar to Tidily Winks), and a homemade game using a dried out pig bladder ( air dried, inflated with air, and used as a ball), Softball, Allie-Allie Over (over the school house, 2 teams-one on each side), Kick the Can, Hide Seek, see who could swing over the top of bar (above the swing), Foxfire (on Spook Night) (decaying wood, NOT handled by your (bare)hands), hunting, fishing. 25) What other entertainment have you enjoyed? Square Round dances, hiking, swimming. SOCIAL LIFE: 1) How many friends do you have? 100 easy. 5 close. You should always have 5 close friends. 2) How many of these friends are childhood friends? 15-20, some have died. 3) How often are you able to visit with them? Some not for years (meaning more than 2), some every 2 years, some everyday. It depends on if they are old friends or new friends. 4) What activities did you enjoy doing when you were in your 20s? Roller skating dancing. Hunting fishing. 30s? Fell off pole. Small amount of fishing. 40s? Hunted fished. Some woodwork. 50s? Fished Bear hunting (Canada). Built my wood shop in my late 50s – early 60s. Wood working. 5) What are some activities you like to do together? 1950-1972 Camping – Canada, Nova Scotia, had nice Gardens 6) How many of these activities have changed as a result of getting older? Lots of them. Not as many. Don’t hunt, little fishing, no camping. 7) Do you belong to any church or other social groups? Men’s Fellowship @ church. 8) How has the Boy scouts affected your life? Better understanding of the world. Nature. Benefit: live with nature do it comfortably. 9) What â€Å"Words of Advice† would you like to pass on to future generations in your family? Get a good education that you can get money be comfortable. Go to college in fields worthwhile prosperous. Nothing wrong with making a good living. STORY TIME: Some people you’ve met during your lifetime leave footprints in your life forever. You could talk about your family members, relatives, friends, acquaintances, or special some ones and how they made an impact in your life or even changed your life. Also, places you’ve been to or where you lived could also be nice reminiscences since you could describe the place, the people in it, and how the weather was like. My 1st Scout Master – NOT to judge others to fast. Don’t know what they have been through. Dad – Stand up for what you believe in. Lots of people; in Korea, camping. Some memorable pieces or items could become great components of reminiscing. Things like your childhood toys or games. Heirlooms are wonderful jewelries that have been given from generation to generation that bring history. This can be anything that may not be important to others but may be significant to you and brought good memories. Some things of my Dad my uncle. An emblem from a guy I met on my way to Korea. I never saw him, again. 1) Do you have any regrets about your life? Lots of things. 2) What are they? I wouldn’t have drunk like I did. I made a lot of money and didn’t save it. 3) Are there things you would like to do that you haven’t done yet? Fly faster than the speed of sound (had the opportunity in 1991. Didn’t do it. ), visit Australia. 4) Do you think you will do them? Maybe. Who knows? Is there anything else you would like to share about yourself or a story? I’ve lived a rich life. I was accepted at Oswego State Teaching School but I didn’t have the money to go. . How to cite Life History Project, Essays

Sublime free essay sample

This California-based ska/punk/reggae/rock bands name says it all, Sublime. Their self-titled disc is pure excellence. The different styles of music combined with the assuaging voice of the late Bradley Nowell make this disk a masterpiece. Sublime includes last summers hit What I Got, the popular Santeria, Wrong Way, and Doing Time. But it contains much more. Track one, Garden Grove, mixes reggae and rock into a soothing song describing the bands problems. Seed, my personal favorite, is an unbelievable ska/rock song that will get anyone dancing. Other songs to check out on this marvelous CD include Caress me Down, Jailhouse, and Same in the End. Some of their songs deal with the Rodney King riots that ripped through Los Angeles a few years ago. Sublime also sings about drug problems, relationships, and good old Lou Dog (the bands Dalmatian). Unfortunately for all Sublime fans, a tour is impossible due to the death of lead singer/guitarist Bradley Nowell, who lost his battle with a drug addiction when this album was released. We will write a custom essay sample on Sublime or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If youre a fan of different kinds of music, Sublime is for you. Anyone with an ear for music will appreciate the quality of this euphonious monument. .

Operation of an efficient market and causes of market inefficiencies

Operation of an efficient market and causes of market inefficiencies Introduction Market efficiency can be defined as the degree to which the prices reflect all the available information in the market. In other words, market efficiency is a condition where the market prices display the prevailing conditions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Operation of an efficient market and causes of market inefficiencies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In some cases, the market prices may not reflect the prevailing market conditions based on the available information. In this case, the market is said to be inefficient. Market inefficiencies occur in rare cases. When this occurs, the market is interrupted from the normal arrangements and this lead to complications. Explanation for an Efficient Market and How It Operates As already seen, market efficiency can be defined as the situation where the prices charged in the market reflects all the information available to the participants. In order for th e market to function effectively, it is always necessary to have enough participants willing to sell or buy goods (Kirschen and Strbac, 2004). The price determination process is of great significance in the market. However, this is based on the information available in the market. The information available to buyers and sellers should be unbiased in order to come up with reliable and sustainable prices. The market where all these conditions are satisfied is referred to as an efficient market. Therefore, under the efficient market conditions for instance, buying or selling of the stock reflects fair returns after deducting the costs incurred through a transaction. In many cases, when people puts money in the stock market their main goal is generation of returns. In some cases, many investors even aim at getting more than necessary returns by surpassing the market (Heakal, 2011). However, the prices of a particular stock reflect all the information available about the stock. This impl ies that there is no investor who can have an advantage of forecasting on the returns of a stock because all the players have access to all available information. Such kind of a market is efficient. Decisions are made with reference to the information available (Investo 2011). All investors have similar knowledge about a certain stock. In this case, all investors are assumed to be rational.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consequently, they will most likely have similar choices. In other words, investors are assumed to behave in a certain way. Mankiw (2008, Essentials of Economics), observed that the prices only respond to the information available in the market. Therefore, since every person in the market has equal access to the same information, then no one has the ability to make more profit than the other. In a perfect market, it is assumed that there are a lar ge number of buyers and sellers and a homogenous product and full information (Evans 2004). Therefore, a perfect market is efficient since the participants make informed decisions. Example of an efficient market; Market for polythene bags In the illustration above, the supply curve reflects the costs of the sellers where in this case are the polythene bag sellers. On the other hand, the demand curve reflects the value of the buyers. In this case, both the consumer and producer surplus is maximised. Therefore, this leads to an efficient market. In other words, the equilibrium market price leads to an efficient market. Explanation for Market Inefficiency and Its Causes In an inefficient market, the prices become random rather than predictable. Even with access to all the available information about the market, the participants’ prediction is rarely reflected in the prices (Barnes, 2009). In this case, the prices become random. When there are market inefficiencies, the prices m ay be set in such a way that they don’t reflect the market value. This difference is what is referred to as the market inefficiency. The prices are determined by external forces rather than the market forces. Market inefficiency is regarded as one of the market failure.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Operation of an efficient market and causes of market inefficiencies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Externalities are the main causes of the market inefficiencies. Externalities lead to an inefficient allocation of resources (Mankiw, 2008, principles of economics). This is the main reason why externalities cause inefficiency in the market. One of the common causes of these inefficiencies through externalities is the government intervention. For instance, the government may intervene in the market fort the polythene bags due to its contribution in environmental pollution. In the absence of the government interv ention, the equilibrium price will be reflecting what the consumers are willing to pay for the product given the prices in the market (Boyes and Melvin, 2006). This is determined by the information available to both sellers and buyers in the market. Therefore when there is no government intervention, the prices will adjust to balance the supply and demand of the polyphone bags in this case. In this case, both consumers and sellers are able to maximize their surplus. In other words, this allocation leads to maximization of the total value to the consumers who purchase the polythene bags less the costs incurred in its production (Dimson and Mussavian, 2000). In this case, the supply curve reflects the costs of the sellers where in this case are the polythene bag sellers. On the other hand, the demand curve reflects the value of the buyers. In this case, both the consumer and producer surplus is maximised. Therefore, this leads to an efficient market. The case of government interventi onAdvertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this case, the government intervention in effort to reduce the level of pollution has led to a drop in the quantity provided in the market below the equilibrium level. The government intervention interferes with the equilibrium level of prices. This shifts the equilibrium level from the original position to another. This will lead to shortage in polythene bags which will induce the suppliers to increase their prices. This will lead to a decrease in consumer surplus. The prices charged will also not reflect the equilibrium price. This will lead to inefficiency in the market. In other words, any intervention in the market will lead to the market inefficiency. Similarly, taxation will also act by increasing the prices above the equilibrium level. Consequently, this will result into market inefficiency. This is because the prices will not reflect the equilibrium, market prices. Other government interventions will lead into similar results. Conclusion In conclusion, this discussion h as given a clear understanding of an efficient market and inefficient market. The study has clearly shown that in an efficient market, all the participants have equal access to the available information. The market price in a particular time is reflected by the information available in the market (Crosier, 2004). On the other hand, an inefficient market is characterised by random prices. In this case, the prices are not predictable. From the discussion, it can be seen that the markets cannot be absolutely efficient all absolutely inefficient. In most cases, the market reflects all these aspects of the market. Based on this information, it is advisable for all participants to refer to all the information available in the market in order to come up with the most feasible decisions. To those investors seeking to invest on shares, they are advised to find out all information necessary about the company in question. This will enable the company. This will enable the investor to determine whether the prices set for shares are reasonable before making their final decisions to buy. Reference List Barnes, P., 2009. Stock Market Efficiency, Insider Dealing and Market Abuse. England, Gower Publishing, Ltd. Boyes, W. and Melvin, M., 2006. Economics. U.S.A., Cengage Learning. Crosier, L., 2004. Selling Your Business: The Transition from Entrepreneur to Investor. New Jersey, John Wiley and Sons. Dimson, E. and Mussavian, M., 2000. â€Å"Market Efficiency.† Spellbound Publications, 2000. Vol.3, Pp. 959-970. Evans, A. 2004. Economics, Real Estate and the Supply of Land. Wiley-Blackwell. Heakal, R., 2011. What Is Market Efficiency? [Online] Available at:  https://www.investopedia.com/insights/what-is-market-efficiency/ . Investo, 2011. What Is an Efficient Market and How Does It Affect Individual Investors? [Online] Available at:  https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/05/marketefficiency.asp . Kirschen, D. and Strbac, G., 2004. West Sussex: Fundamentals of power system economics. New York, John Wiley and Sons. Mankiw, N., 2008. Essentials of Economics. Mason, OH, Cengage Learning. Mankiw, N., 2008. Principles of Economics. Mason, OH, Cengage Learning.